dr hab. Bartlomiej Bednarek, Ph.D.
Ústav řeckých a latinských studií
bp.bednarek@uw.edu.pl
EDUCATION
- 2024: Habilitation in History (University of Warsaw)
- 2015: PhD in Classical Studies (Dissertation title: The Myth of Dionysus in Greek Poetry from Homer to Euripides. Supervisor: Krzysztof Bielawski)
- 2009: MA in Classical Studies (Jagiellonian University, Krakow)
EMPLOYMENT
- 2025-2027 – Researcher, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague
- 2023-2024 – Humboldt fellow, Fakultät für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich
- 2016-2023 – Assistant professor, Institute of History, University of Warsaw
- 2014-2016 – Research assistant, Institute of Classical Studies, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
TEACHING
- 2013-2014 – Latin teacher (Institute of Romance Studies, Jagiellonian University, Kraków)
- 2012-2013 – Latin teacher (Institute of English Studies, Jagiellonian University, Kraków)
- 2012 – Greek teacher (Dominican School of Philosophy and Theology, Kraków)
GRANTS
- 2025-2027 [as PI]: “Death and a Youth: A Study of Dionysian Eschatology”; Financed by Czech Science Foundation (GAČR) in the amount of c.a. 165 000€.
- 2022-2023 [as PI]: “Pentheus’ Myth: Beyond Euripides’ Bacchae”; financed by IDUB programme in the amount of c.a. 17 000€.
- 2019-2022 [as PI]: “Dionysian sacrifice and related rituals in myth, history and in the grey area between the two”; financed by the National Science Centre in the amount of c.a. 187 000€.
- 2016-2019 [as PI]: “History of the myth of Lycurgus, the king of Edonians from Homer to Eustathius”, financed by the National Science Centre in the amount of c.a. 100 700€.
- 2014-2016 [as Assistant Investigator]: “Animal Sacrifice in Ancient Greece in the Light of Philological Testimonies”, financed by the National Science Centre in the amount of c.a. 195 000€.
HONORS AND AWARDS
- 2025-2026 Humboldt Return Scholarship.
- 2022 Dean’s of the Faculty of History at the University of Warsaw first grade individual award for scholarly achievements.
- 2021 and 2023 Dean’s of the Faculty of History at the University of Warsaw second grade individual award for scholarly achievements.
- 2019-2022 Scholarship of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland); a. 42 000€.
- 2016 Rector’s of the Jagiellonian University first grade collective award for scholarly
- 2015 Grant for young scholars employed at the Faculty of Philology, Jagiellonian University (publication of the PhD thesis).
- 2013-2014 Scholarship for best PHD students of the Jagiellonian
- 2012-2014 Supplementary scholarship for best PHD students of the Jagiellonian
RESEARCH STAYS
- 2025 onwards: Membership in the British School at Athens (Greece).
- 12.2022-31.03.2024: Humboldt Scholarship for experienced researchers, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
- 11.2022-30.11.2022: De Brzezie Lanckoroński Foundation, London.
- 11.2021-30.10.2022: Senior Associate Membership in the American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
- 07.15-10.15: Visiting Scholar at Freie Universität in Berlin (DAAD scholarship).
- 03-12.2020: Visiting Fellow at Università degli studi di Pisa (Laboratorio di Antropologia del Mondo Antico).
- 11-22.12.2019 : Bourse du Gouvernement français. Collège de France, Centre ANHIMA, Paris.
- 2019-01.2020: Visiting Scholar at Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Italy.
- 2018: De Brzezie Lanckoroński Foundation scholarship (one month), Oxford.
- 2017: Grant for young scholars employed at the Faculty of History, University of Warsaw, research stay in Oxford (one month).
- 2017-02.2019: Membership in the British School at Athens (Greece).
- 2016: Bourse de recherche: Fondation Hardt pour l’étude de l’Antiquité classique (Geneva).
- 2010-06.2011: Università degli studi di Torino – Erasmus Program (Italy).
MEMBERSHIP IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
- 2023 onwards: membership in the Society of Biblical Literature;
- 2019 onwards: membership in the Society for Classical Studies;
- 2018 onwards: associate membership in the Polymnia research network;
- 2018 onwards: membership in the European Association of
INTERNAL REVIEWS
Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies (UK)
Cogent Arts & Humanities (UK)
Dioniso (Italy)
Eos (Poland)
Journal of Cognitive Historiography (UK) Mnemosyne (Netherlands)
Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada (Canada)
Palamedes (Poland)
PUBLICATIONS
Monographs
- Bednarek, (2026): Dionysus’ Victim: Pentheus Myth beyond Euripides. Leiden, Boston. Brill (Mnemosyne Supplement 499); 285 pp. [printed in November 2025]
- Bednarek, (2021): The Myth of Lycurgus in Aeschylus, Naevius, and Beyond. Leiden, Boston. Brill (Mnemosyne Supplement 441); 264 pp.
- Bednarek, B. (2017): Ofiara krwawa w Grecji starożytnej w świetle źródeł filologicznych. Arystofanes i komedia stara [Animal Sacrifice in Ancient Greece in the Light of Written Testimonies: Aristophanes and Old Comedy]. Warszawa. Sub Lupa; 318 pp.
- Bednarek, (2015): Mit Dionizosa w poezji greckiej od Homera do Eurypidesa [The Myth of Dionysus in Greek Poetry from Homer to Euripides]. Kraków. Homini; 206 pp.
Further publications
A) Publications with peer review process
- Bednarek, (2025?) What do Water-Bearers do in Aeschylus’ Semele? Hermes (forthcoming).
- Bednarek, B. (2025): Athenian Amazoneion and Amazonomachy in Plutarch’s Life of Theseus. Ploutarchos 22: 27-34.
- Bednarek, (2025): Satyrs and mirrors. On Aeschylus’ Theoroi or Isthmiastai. Mnemosyne 78.5: 903-11.
- Bednarek, (2024): Single males among wild women? Gender trouble in the parodos of Euripides’ Bacchae. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 67.1: 56-63.
- Bednarek, (2024): The uses of stools in classical Athens: diphrophoroi in the Parthenon frieze, old comedy, Attic vases, and beyond. Cambridge Classical Journal 70: 1-25.
- Bednarek, (2024): How to be sympotikos and what it actually means. In: Nonverbal behaviour in ancient literature. Athenian dialogues III. Eds. A. Serafim, S. Papaioannou. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter: 207-36.
- Bednarek, (2023): Argus’ wink: on the advantages of reading Ovid’s Metamorphoses with one hundred eyes. Eos 90.1-2: 229-34.
- Bednarek, (2023): Some Remarks on the Myth of Auge in the Small Pergamon Frieze. Antike Kunst 66: 44-53.
- Bednarek, (2023): Making sense of the Oschophoria. L’Antiquité Classique 92: 21-35.
- Bednarek, (2023): Μέχρι σπλάγχνων: when is that? In: From snout to tail. Exploring the Greek sacrificial animal from the literary, epigraphical, iconographical, archaeological and zooarchaeological evidence. Eds. Ekroth, J.-M. Carbon, Stockholm. The Swedish institute at Athens: 149-62.
- Bednarek, B. (2022): Performing the City: Religious Aspects of Greek Citizenship. In: Citizenship in Antiquity: civic communities in the ancient Mediterranean, Eds. J. Filonik, C. Plastow and R. Zelnick- Abramovitz. London. Routledge: 240-52.
- Bednarek, B. (2022): Dynamics of Desire: Gift-Giving and Reciprocity in Ancient Greek Homoerotic Courtship. Akroterion 67: 11-28.
- Bednarek, (2022): Some notes and observations on the Tbilisi hymn to Dionysus (P. Ross. Georg. 1.11). Classical Philology 117.3, 553-63.
- Bednarek, B. (2022): Some dirty thoughts about chairs and stools: Iconography of erotic foreplay. In: Sex and the ancient city: Aspects of sexuality in Greco-Roman antiquity, Eds. G. Kazantzidis, Serafim, K. Demetriou. Berlin, Boston. De Gruyter, Trends in Classics Supplementary Volume: 197-217.
- Bednarek, (2021): Bipedes uolucres in Naevius’ Lycurgus. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 164.1, 1-8.
- Bednarek, B. (2021): Andersen’s code: Aristophanic obscenity in Thumbelina. Classica et Mediaevalia. Danish Journal of Philology and History 69, 149-55.
- Bednarek, (2019): Orpheus in Aeschylus and the Thracian child-eater on a hydria from the British Museum. Kernos 32, 13-28.
- Bednarek, (2019): Zeus on the Leucadic Rock. White magic of an obscene passage in Ptolemy Chennos. Acta Classica. Journal of the Classical Association of South Africa 62, 220-8.
- Bednarek, (2019): The (alleged) sacrifice and procession at Rural Dionysia in Aristophanes’ Acharnians. Hermes. Zeitschrift für Klassische Philologie: 147.2, 143-52.
- Bednarek, B. (2019): Pelting On the use of oulai in sacrificial ritual. Classical Philology 114.1, 144-53.
- Bednarek, (2017): The Herme-Neutics of χοιροκομεῖον in Aristophanes’ Lysistrata. Symbolae Olsoenses 91, 13-27.
- Bednarek, (2017): Where did Athenian generals take their oath of office? Mnemosyne 70.5, 872-877.
- Bednarek, (2017): Sul riciclo dei porcellini: il problema del consumo di carne contaminata. Otium. Rivista di studi sulla cultura antica 2.1, 1-14.
- Bednarek, (2017): Ancient homophobia: Prejudices against homosexuality in classical Athens. Humanitas 69, 47-62.
- Bednarek, (2017): Aesop victimized. The sale of sacrificial and non-sacrificial meat. Mnemosyne 70.1, 58-78.
- Bednarek, B. (2014): Mélange of Melanaegis and Leukaspis: On the aetiology of Apatouria festival, Eos 101, 159-68.
B) Publications without peer review process
- Bednarek, (2018): A review of: Ariadne Konstantinou, Female Mobility and Gendered Space in Ancient Greek Myth. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. Eos 106.1, 145-8.
- Bednarek, B. (2017): Whole and ground: krithai and alphita. In: Animal Sacrifice in Ancient Greece: Proceedings of the First International Workshop in Kraków (12-14.11.2015). K. Bielawski, Warszawa. Sub Lupa, 145-82.
- Bednarek, (2016): Liminalna przestrzeń kultu Dionizosa [The liminal space of the cult of Dionysus]. Ex Nihilo 15: 61-75.
- Bednarek, B. (2015): Aristophanes, the Accuser of Socrates. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Comedy. Classica Cracoviensia 18, 39-50.
- Bednarek, (2015) Fallus z przyległościami, czyli jak wykastrowano kulturę antyczną [Phallus and its extensions: Who castrated ancient cultures?]. In: Ciało, seksualność, pornografia w perspektywie historycznej, eds. P. Jędrzejewski, K. Szlęzak, G. Szuster, Kraków. Kasper, 287-98.
- Bednarek, B. (2014): Od piśmienności Arystotelesa do oralności Milmana Parry’ego [From Aristotle’s literacy to Milman Parry’s orality]. In: Typograficzne przestrzenie tekstu, eds. K Starachowicz, J. Knap, Kraków, 31-40.
- Bednarek, (2014): Transsubstncjacja zupy ogórkowej. Na marginesie rozważań nad symbolem w rytuale [Transsubstantiation of the cucumber soup: A marginal note on the meaning of a symbol in ritual]. In: Nauka prowadzi w przyszłość, ed. M. Król, Kraków, 27-30.
- Bednarek, B. (2013): Dionizos i derywaty. Problem badawczy, czy problem badaczy? [Dionysus and derivates: A research problem or researchers’ problem?]. Zeszyty Naukowe Towarzystwa Doktorantów Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Seria Humnaistyczna 7.2, 13-23.
- Bednarek, B. (2013): Tożsamość kultury i w kulturze [Cultural identity identity of a culture], In: Źródła Humanistyki Europejskiej. Iuvenilia Philologorum Cracoviensium 6. Ed. K. Korus, Kraków, 17-26.
- Bednarek, (2013): Non-Orphic Interpretation of Dionysus. Littera Antiqua 6, 4-12.
- Bednarek, (2012): Semiotyka obuwia – problem uniwersaliów kulturowych [Semiotics of footwear: The problem of cultural universals. In: Źródła Humanistyki Europejskiej. Iuvenilia Philologorum Cracoviensium 5. Ed. K. Korus. Kaków, 241-249.
C) Editions, translations
- Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro, Militarium seu axiomatum belli ad harmoniam togae accomodatorum liber secundus. ed., trans. J. Marszałek, B. Bednarek, I. Krawczyk, Warszawa 2025, 872 pp.
- Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro, Vir consilii. ed., trans. J. Marszałek, J. Macjon, I. Krawczyk, B. Bednarek, Warszawa 2022, 1984 pp.
- Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro, Militarium seu axiomatum belli ad harmoniam togae accomodatorum liber primus. ed., trans. J. Chmielewska, B. Bednarek, Warszawa 2015, 841 pp.
- Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro, Scriptorum seu togae et belli notationum ed., trans. J. Chmielewska, B. Bednarek, Warszawa 2014, 845 pp.
- Chiabrera, Damigella tutta bella, “Nowy Filomata” 3/4 2012: 249-254.
CONFERENCE PAPERS AND LECTURES
- When Phallus is Just a Phallus. Putting Gods with Objects: Divine Attributes and Materiality in Ancient Mediterranean Religion and Mythology. 16th Celtic Conference in Classics. Coimbra, Portugal 15-18.07.2025.
- Subsidiary Dionysian Divinities. Children of the Lesser God? Minor Gods in Greek Religion [panel co-organized with Ariadne Konstantinou], Classical Association Annual Meeting, St. Andrews, UK.
- Playing Adults: Children at the Anthesteria. Play in Antiquity, Playing Antiquity conference, Bristol, UK, 7-8.07.2025.
- Dionysus and his Followers; Dionysus and his enemies: Euripides’ Bacchae. Two lectures at BIP Erasmus+ Dionysian Worlds. Cultic, Artistic, and Literary Images. Karlsruhe, Germany 3.07.2025.
- Dionysus in Love. Love and Frenzy. Dionysus and Aphrodite in Ancient Greece and Beyond. Myth, Cult, and Religion. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, 18-19.06.2025. Conference co-organized with Pasquale Ferrara, Ana Isabel Jiménez San Cristóbal, Jesus Muñoz Murcillo.
- Dionizos w grobie się przewraca. O tragicznych skutkach czytania Bakchantek Eurypidesa. Seminarium Centrum Badań nad Mit/ografią, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Poland, 15.04.2025.
- Where violence is not violence: the erotic life of female followers of Dionysus. 3rd International Classics Conference in Ghana (ICCG) Classics Beyond Borders. Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER), Legon, Ghana 17-20.09.2024.
- Why Euripides’ Bacchae is so misleading? Tearing a God Apart: New Approaches to Dionysus Panel at 15th Celtic Conference in Classics, Cardiff University, 9-12th July 2024.
- Male intruders in Dionysiac female thiasoi? Sexual(ised) Violence in Ancient Greece: Institute of Classical Studies Ancient History Seminar. London, UK, 23.05.2024.
- Refreshing wine in old wineskins: Three maenadic inscriptions from Asia Records and Religious Knowledge in Ancient Greece. The Netherlands Institute at Athens, Greece, 11.04.2024.
- Dionysian Illusion and Epic Fiction in Acoetes’ Speech (Ovid’s Metamorphoses). Fact and Fiction: Deceptive Discourse in Ancient Epic, University of Toronto, Canada, 5-6.04.2024 (online).
- Anthesteria: a rite of passage, status reversal, antistructure, or why don’t we just focus on data? Classical Association Annual Meeting, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK, 22-24.03.2024.
- On the Secrecy of Maenadic Rites. Society for Ancient Mediterranean Religions/Society of Classical Studies Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, USA 5-7.01.2024.
- Dionysus Eleuthereus in Eleutherae and in the Bacchae. Recent Work on the Cults of Boeotia, Archaeology, Epigraphy, and History, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Greece 4- 12.2023.
- The Secrecy of Maenadic Rites Reconsidered. Graeco-Roman Religions Section, at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature, San Antonio, Texas, USA 11.2023.
- Pentheus Myth Beyond Euripides. University of Colorado, Boulder, USA 14.11.2023 (an invited lecture).
- Another mantis: Praying gestures in ancient Greece. “Religious Movement in Ancient Greek Art” panel at 14th Celtic Conference in Classics. Coimbra, Portugal 11-14.07.2023.
- Ex luce tenebrae: Artificial Dionysian caves. Experiencing the Landscape in Antiquity 3. Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Italy 29-31.05.2023.
- Some overlooked Orphic grave monuments and gems. Mysteries, mysticism, cults and cultism in antiquity. University of Patras, Greece 27.06-01.07.2022.
- Dionysian anthropology of the conflict: Aristophanes as a bad teacher. Conflict resolution in ancient and modern contexts III: Teaching conflict resolution from antiquity to Universitade do Estado Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil 14-17.06.2022.
- Making sense of sensory deprivation. The multisensory experience of mystery cults. Erfurt 7- 8.05.2022 (online).
- You may use it even as a flowerpot: some unexpected uses of loutrophoroi. Attic vases in the Mediterranean: Models, identities, uses and narratives. Universidad Autonoma di Madrid. 28- 04.2022.
- How to be Sympotikos and what it actually means. Non-verbal communication and cultural performance in ancient literature: 1st Annual Conference at the Research Centre for Greek and Latin Literature of the Academy of Athens. Greece 06.10.2021.
- Selling imported gods: An itinerant religious specialist at People in Motion in the Ancient Greek World Conference, Complutense University of Madrid, Faculty of Geography and History. 17- 18.05.2021 (online).
- Un secolo di ricerca sul tema del monosandalismo in Grecia. Seminario LAMA, Pisa 23.02.2021 (online).
- Two sons (sic) over An appropriation of a local tradition? Naming and Mapping the Gods in the Ancient Mediterranean: Spaces, Mobilities, Immageries. Toulouse 10-12.02.2021 (online).
- Dionysian Theology and Anthropology: Animal Sacrifice in Greek Comedy. Laughing with the Gods: Religion in Greek and Roman Satire, Comedy, Epigram and other Comic Genres” panel at AIA/SCS Joint Annual Meeting, 5-10.01.2021, Chicago (online).
- Przyczynek do historii ukrzesłowień. Rola diphrophoroi w religii i kulturze starożytnych Aten. Warszawskie Seminarium Badaczy Starożytności, 19.06.2020 (online).
- Performing tragic identities: The madness of „Plautus from page to stage“ conference, Brno, Czech Republic, 11-14.11.2019.
- That troubled house of Lycurgus: On the palace miracle in Aeschylus and Naevius. CASA Stellenbosch, South Africa, 7-10.11.2019.
- Thetis in Naxos: a local perspective. „Sovereign of the Sea: The Staying Power of Thetis in the Graeco-Roman World and Beyond“ panel at the 12th Celtic Conference in Coimbra, Portugal 26-9.06.2019.
- The iconography of soft pornography: allusions to erotic foreplay in Greek vase painting. „Sex and the ancient city: Aspects of sexual intercourse in Greco-Roman antiquity. International conference in honour of Professor Chris Carey, University College London“, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, 11- 06.2019.
- Likurg, król Edonów, w Rzymie. Na tropach tekstu, który wszyscy znali tak dobrze, że nikt o nim nie wspomniał. “Hortus deliciarum” IJP PAN, Kraków 10.2018.
- “Tropaeum Liberi” di Accio riconsiderato. Convegno internazionale di studi classici “Alla ricerca del mito perduto. Personaggi mitici di tragedie scomparse. Siena, Italy, 8-9.10.2018.
- Where would you put your clothes? On depictions of garments displayed on stools in Greek vase “Textiles in Ancient Iconography” panel at 24th EAA Annual Meeting. Barcelona 5- 8.09.2018.
- Lycurgus in The eventful afterlife of Greco-Roman drama in Hyginus. “Mythography not Mythology” panel at the 11th Celtic Conference in Classics. St Andrews 11-14.07.2018
- Two kinds of Dionysian limen: Lycurgus and Perseus‘ “Thresholds in Literature and Arts”. Lisbon 6-8.06.2018.
- Aristophanes victimized: Animal sacrifice in the old comedy. Athens Greek Religion Swedish Institute at Athens. 3.10.2017
- Old answers to old questions: Re-construction of the religious past as a response to identity crisis. 17th International Conference for Ancient East-Mediterranean Studies in Tartu (ICAEM 2017): „Crises in Early Religions“. Tartu, Estonia 8-11.06.2017.
- Pandora Herself. Prometheus, Pandora, Adam and Eve: Archetypes of the Masculine and Feminine and their Reception throughout the Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. 20-22.03.2017.
- Towards a Definition of Animal Sacrifice in Ancient Aristophanes and Old Comedy. Animal Sacrifice in Ancient Greece, 2nd edition. Kraków 10-12.02.2017.
- Mέχρι σπλάγχνων: When is that? From snout to tail. Exploring the Greek sacrificial animal from the literary, epigraphical, iconographical, archaeological and zooarchaeological evidence. Uppsala 12.2016.
- Philology of killing, religion of Cleaning the Burkert’s table. 5th International Kraków Study of Religions Symposium. Understanding and explanation in the study of religions. In memory of Walter Burkert (1931-2015). Kraków 8.11.2016.
- The dynamics of desire: is the pecking-order model to be rejected? Hierarchy and Equality: Representations of Sex/Gender in the Ancient World. Athens. 11.09.2016.
- Bringing stools to Athena?Athena: Sharing current London 3.06.2016.
- Sul riciclo di porcellini: il problema di consumo di carne contaminata. Hagnos, miasma, e Viaggio tra le categorie del puro e dell’impuro nell’immaginario del mondo antico. Cagliari 5.05.2016
- Whole and ground: krithai and alphita. International workshops on Greek animal sacrifice, Kraków 12-5.11.2015
- Przemoc wobec zwierząt? Semiotyka ofiary w starożytnej Grecji. Przemoc w świecie starożytnym: źródła, struktury, interpretacje. Lublin 28-30.09.2015
- Między wersami Ptaków Polskie Towarzystwo Filologiczne, Kraków 9.06.2015
- Ofiara krwawa w Pokoju Centrum Praktyk Teatralnych Gardzienice 13.03.2015.
- Ofiara krwawa w Ptakach Arystofanesa. Seminarium Otwarte, Instytut Filologii Klasycznej UJ, Kraków 9.12.2014.
- On the sale of sacrificial meat. Europaeum Classical Colloquia, Paris 6-11.2014
- Liminalna przestrzeń w kulcie Dionizosa, Miejsca święte w religiach świata, Warszawa 06.2013
- Jak zrobić z wilka Problem tożsamości znaku w obrębie systemu semiotycznego i poza nim, II ogólnopolska interdyscyplinarna studencko-doktorancka konferencja mediterraneistyczna Ad fontes Artis, Wrocław 7-9.06.2013.
- Od piśmienności Arystotelesa do oralności Parry’ego, Ogólnopolska konferencja studencko- doktorancka Typograficzne przestrzenie tekstu, Kraków 23-24.05.2013.
- Kobiety Eurypidesa, Eurypides Arystofanesa, Bios, Biograf, Człowiek starożytny w perspektywie biograficznej na przestrzeni wieków, Katowice 15-16.05.2013.
- Mit dionizyjski w świetle etymologii ludowej, przednaukowej i naukowej, Session on Indo-European Historical Linguistics, Sosnowiec 09.05.2013.
- Orficka interpretacja Dionizosa, IV Kolokwia Orfickie, Nieborów 3-10.2012
- Figura obcego w greckim rytuale przejścia VI Studencka Konferencja Starożytnicza Centrum – peryferia – granice, Kraków 8.05.2010.